History and basic of python
- Only alphabets and digits
- only one special symbol ' _ '
- identifiers are case sensitive
- keywords not allowed
- no limit
int, float, complex, bool, str
tuples, list, dictionary, set, frozen, range, None
id is a funtion which returns address of the variable and type is a function which return the type of variable
typeconvert and typecoersion are the same thing.
In python, everything is object!
x=5
print(type(x))Reusability concept is used in Python.
x=5
y=5
print(id(x))
print(id(y))Python also uses immutability after 2^8
x=257
y=257
print(id(x))
print(id(y))x=0b101
y=0o753
z=0xA123
print(x,y,z)
print(bin(x),oct(y),hex(z))You can use various format of integer in real part of complex numbers
x=0b101+2.5j
print(x)x=True
y=False
print(x+y)In python true is 1 and false is 0 so performing arithmetic function on bool will convert it in number.
Note: There is no word like character in python.
x='R'
print(x)Python don't have anything like pointer but everything works on pointer only!
x='Rahul';
for i in x:
print(id(i))
#Console:
# Prints many address. x=3.5
y=int(x)
print(y)x="10.5"
y=int(x)
print(y)
#Console:
# Literal Error/ Value Error Herex="10"
y=int(x)
print(y)
#Console:
# No Literal Error/ Value Error HereIn python if there is 0 only, boolean will return false otherwise true for everything !
x=.25 #True
y="" #False
z=-1 #True
a=" " #Truex=5
print(id(x))
x=10
print(id(x))All the fundamental datatypes support immutability
Range is a class in python and it's constructor is used to make range between two numbers. It is an advanced datatype!
x=range(1,10)
print(type(x))
print(list(x))
#Console:
#<class 'range'>
#[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]x=None
print(type(x))
#Console:
#<class 'NoneType'>x=None
x=5
print(x)
#Console:
#5- List is container type of data type which contain homo or non homogenious data.
- It preserves the order of insertion and
- It support indexing
- It supports slicing
- It has a growing nature means it is mutable.
l=[]
print(type(l))
#Console:
#class <list>list1=[1,2,3,4,[5,6,7,['a','b']],{'name':'abhinav'}]
print((list1))
#Console:
#[1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6, 7, ['a', 'b']], {'name': 'abhinav'}]In Python, indexing always starts with 0.
list1=[1,2,3,4,[5,6,7,['a','b','c']],{'name':'abhinav'}]
print(list1[4][3][2])
#Console
#c- It is a immutable list.
l=[1,2,3,4]
l.append(5)
print(l)
# [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
t=(1,2,3,4)
t.append(5)
print(t)
# Cannot append Error Attribute ErrorIf a tupple has only one integer, it should be separated be commma ,
l=[]
print(type(l)) # <class 'list'>
t=()
print(type(t)) # <class 'tuple'>
t=(1)
print(type(t)) # <class 'int'>
t=(1,)
print(type(t)) # <class 'tuple'>Mutability is changing of data on the same address as previous
Tuple is mutable using new memory address
t=(1,2,3,4)
t1=(5,6)
print(id(t))
t=t+t1
print(t)
print(id(t))
# 2625484955360
# (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
# 2625482882688- Key value pair
- Mutuable datatype
dict={'key':'value'}dict={'key':'value'}
d={}
print(type(d))
q=set()
print(type(q))
q={1,2,3,4,5}
#<class 'dict'>
#<class 'set'> d={'1':'Abhinav Singh'}
a={(1,2,3,4):'Abhinav'}
print(a)d={'1':'Abhinav Singh'}
a={(1,2,3,4):'Abhinav'}
print(a.keys())
print(a.values())
print(a.items())d={'data':[1,2,3,4],'name':'Abhinav','age':20}
for keys,value in d.items():
print(keys,value)
#data [1, 2, 3, 4]
#name Abhinav
#age 20- Arithmetic
- Relational or Comparision
- Logical
- Bitwise
- Assignment
- Special Operator
- Addition (+)
- Subtraction(-)
- Division(/)
- Multiplication(*)
- Modulus(%)
a=5
b=2
c=a//b
print(c)If any number is float and we are doing floor division then the result is also a float number
a=5.0
b=2
c=a//b
print(c)a=3
b=a**2
print(b)- Greater Than
- Less Than
- Equal
- Greater equal to
- Less equal to
Only equal to operator does not take care of datatype, otherwise there will be a TypeError
print(10>"abhi")
#TypeError- and
- or
- not
If we are working with integer, first part is false or 0 means it is evaluated as false the output is the right part
If we are working with integer, first part is true or 1 means it is evaluated as true the output is the left part
x and y
If x is evaluated as false return x, otherwise return >y as the answer.
x or y
If x is evaluted as True, return x as the answer
The python virtual machine always returns a string in single quotes ''
Zero Division Error : when anything is divided by 0.
&, /, >>, <<
- Normal Assignment
x=10- Compound Assignment
x+=10In python, there is no ternary operator !
- Identity operators (is and is not). Mainly for address com.
a=10
b=10
print(a is b)
print(a is not b)- Membership (in and not in to check membership)
s="abhinav"
print('b' in s)d={1:'abhinav',2:"singh"}
print(2 in d)
print("abhinav" in d.values())
x=input("Enter data: ")
print(x)Multiple Input in python can be done using split method.
Split function returns the list of character
x=input("Enter data: ")
l=x.split(',')
print(type(l))
sum=0
for i in l:
sum+=int(i)
print(sum)x=[int(i) for i in input("Enter data: ").split(',')]sys is built-in module in python which contain a variable that is argv
print(type(argv))a,b=input("Enter data").split(',')print("abhinav","Singh",sep=",")
print("Abhinav",end=' ')
print("Singh")a,b,c,d=10,11.5,"Abhinav",{1:"Singh"}
print("It is an integer %i or %d"%(a,a))
print("It is an float %f"%(b))
print("It is an string %s"%(c))
print("It is an string %s"%(d))a="Abhinav"
b="Singh"
print("{0} and {1}".format(a,b))
print(f"{a} and {b}")
The Flow of a program is always sequential
- if
- if-elif
- if-elif-else
a=input("enter designation: ")
if a=="engineer":
print("Hello Boss !")
elif a=="friend":
print("Mera Bhai hai tu")
else:
print("Good Morning") There is no pre-increment and post-increment
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
sum=0
for _ in l:
print(_)
for _ in range(len(l)):
sum+=l[_]
print("Sum is :",sum)inp=int(input("Enter any number: "))
i=0
while i<inp:
print("The value of i",i)
i+=1for i in range(10):
if i==5:
print("Reached 5")
break
print(i)for i in range(10):
if i==5:
print("Reached 5")
continue
print(i)for i in range(10):
passcart=[10,20,30,40,100]
for item in cart:
if item>400:
print("we cannot process your order")
break
else:
print("all orders will be delivered!")cart=[10,20,30,40,100]
i=0
while i<len(cart):
if cart[i]>40:
print("Your order can not be processed!")
break
i+=1
else:
print("Order will be delivered !")String is immutable
String supports indexing
String support slicing
s1="abhinav"
s2="Singh"
print(s1+s2)s1="abhinav"
s2="Singh"
print(s1+s2*2)Slicing is in 2 direction
Forward Direction
Back Direction
There is no exception in slicing whether the end is given out of bound
s ="Learning Python is very very easy!!!"
print(len(s))
print(s[1:7:1])
print(s[:7])
print(s[7:])
print(s[7:10000000000000000000000000])
print(s[::])
print(s[:])
s='abcdefghij'
print(s[1:6:2])
print(s[::1])
print(s[::-1])
print(s[3:7:-1])
print(s[7:4:-1])
print(s[0:10000:1])- .strip()
- .lstrip()
- .rstrip()
In string there are some functions that are inplace and some are outplace
x=input()
print(x)
removed=x.strip()
print(removed)- find
l="learning python is easy"
print(l.find("python"))l="learning python is easy"
print(l.find("python")+len("python")-1)Find function returns -1 if the sub string is not found!
l="learning python is easy"
print(l.find("python")+len("python")-1)
print(l.find("abhinav"))
print(l.find("abhinav",0,5))- index (value error exception)
l="learning python is easy"
print(l.find("python")+len("python")-1)
print(l.find("abhinav"))
print(l.find("abhinav",0,5))
print(l.index("python",0,5))s="learning python is every easy"
print(s.replace("pyhton","html"))The container should be always the collection of string.
l=[1,2,3,4,5]
n=len(l)
print(l[n-1])
for i in l:
if i==l[n-1]:
print(i)
else:
print(i,end=",")l=['1','2']
sep=",".join(l)
print(sep)#Write a program to remove duplicate element from list
inp=input("Enter the data ").split()
l1=[]
for i in inp:
if i not in l1:
l1.append(i)
print(l1)- upper()To convert all characters to upper case
- lower() To convert all characters to lower case
- swapcase() Converts all lower case characters to upper case and all upper case
characters to lower case
- title() To convert all character to title case. i.e first character in every word should
be upper case and all remaining characters should be in lower case.
- capitalize() Only first character will be converted to upper case and all remaining characters can be converted to lower case
- isalnum(): Returns True if all characters are alphanumeric( a to z , A to Z ,0 to9 )
- isalpha(): Returns True if all characters are only alphabet symbols(a to z,A to Z)
- isdigit(): Returns True if all characters are digits only( 0 to 9)
- islower(): Returns True if all characters are lower case alphabet symbols
- isupper(): Returns True if all characters are upper case aplhabet symbols
- istitle(): Returns True if string is in title case
- isspace(): Returns True if string contains only spaces
Program to reverse the string
s=input("enter string ")
print(s[::-1])
print("".join(reversed(s)))Program to reverse the sentence
inp=input("Enter string ").split()
print(" ".join(reversed(inp)))Reverse the words in string
inp=input("Enter string ").split()
for i in inp:
print(i[::-1],end=" ")Reverse even words:
l=input("Enter string ").split()
l1=[]
i=0
while (i<len(l)):
if i%2==0:
l1.append(l[i][::-1])
else:
l1.append(l[i])
i+=1
print(" ".join(l1))If input= a4k3b2 then Output: aeknbd :
inp=input("Enter string ")
i=0
s=''
for x in inp:
if x.isalpha():
s+=x
previous=ord(x)
if x.isdigit():
s+=chr(previous+int(x))
print(s)If input= a1bc2d3 then Output: abcd123 :
inp=input("Enter string ")
i=0
s=''
c=''
for x in inp:
if x.isalpha():
s+=x
previous=ord(x)
if x.isdigit():
c+=x
s+=c;
print(s)Input= ABCDABBBCCCDDDFFF
Output= ABCD
s=input("enter string")
a=''
for i in s:
if i not in a:
a+=i
print(a)Input=e4d1
output=de14
inp=input("Enter string ")
l1=[]
l2=[]
for i in inp:
if i.isalpha():
l1.append(ord(i))
else:
l2.append(ord(i))
l1=sorted(l1)
l2=sorted(l2)
final=l1+l2
st=''
for i in final:
st+=chr(i)
print(st)Input: AABCDD
Output: A-2,B-1,C-1,D-2
s=input("Enter the input data bro:")
d={}
for i in s:
# d[i]=d.get(i,0)+1
if(i in d.keys()):
d[i]+=1
else:
d[i]=1
# print(d)
for i,j in d.items():
if(i!=list(d.keys())[-1]):
print("{}-{}".format(i,j),end=",")
else:
print("{}-{}".format(i,j),end="")s = input("Enter the data : ")
d = {}
l = []
for x in s:
if x in d.keys():
d[x]=d[x]+1
else:
d[x]=1
for k,v in d.items():
temp = "{}--{}".format(k,v)
l.append(temp)
print(",".join(l))Tuple Comprehension in list in loop
s=[(1,2),(3,4),(4,5)]
for k,v in s:
print(k,v)Formatting of dictionary with string format method
person={"name":"Abhinav","age":20}
print(f"hello {person['name']}, your age is {person['age']}")
print("hello {name}, your age is {age}".format(**person))lst=eval(input("enter the list"))
print(lst)
print(type(lst))l=list(range(0,10,2))
print(len(l))
print(l[-1])l=[1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3]
print(l.count(2))add item at the end of the list
l=[1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3]
l.append("abhinav")
print(l)insert item at a specific function
l=[1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3]
l.insert(2,88)
print(l)l=[1,2,3]
l1=['rahul','dubey']
l2=l+l1
l2.extend(l)
print(l2)l=[1,2,3]
l.pop()
print(l)l=[1,2,3]
print(l.pop(1))- reverse()
l=[1,2,3]
l.reverse()
print(l.reverse())# print none because it works inplace
print(l)- sort()
l=[2,5,7,1,6,4]
l.sort()
print(l)
print(l.sort())# prints none, return nothing, works inplacel=['abhinav','singh','aastha']
l.sort()
print(l)#prints sorted list
l=['abhinav','singh','aastha',1,2,3]
l.sort()
print(l) # error because string can't be compare with intBy defualt, sort use ascending order
Descending Order
l=['abhinav','singh','aastha']
l.sort(reverse=True)
print(l)- Aliasing and Copy
x=[1,2,3,4]
y=x
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
y=x[:]
print(id(x))
print(id(y))x=[1,2,3,4]
y=x
y.append(5)# it is changing the x also, so it is pointing to data of x only
print(x)
print(id(x))
print(id(y))
y=x[:]
print(id(x))
print(id(y))x=[1,2,3,4]
y=x*3
print(y)- Clear()
x=[1,2,3,4]
print(x)
x.clear()
print(x)x=[int(i) for i in input("Enter data: ").split()]
print(x)Squaring of number in list
n=int(input("Enter any number: "))
l=[i*i for i in range(n)]
print(l)write a program to print unique vowels in given string
st=input('Enter string: ')
st=st.lower()
vowels='aeiou'
l=''
for i in st:
if i in vowels:
if i not in l:
l+=i
print(l)Given a list of numbers, return a list where all adjacent equal elements have been reduced to a single element, so [1, 2, 2, 3] returns [1, 2, 3]. You may create a new list or modify the passed in list.
list=eval(input("Enter list "))
print(list)
li=[]
for i in list:
if len(li)>0:
if i!=li[-1]:
li.append(i)
if len(li)<1:
li.append(i)
print(li)Selection Sort
arr = [64, 25, 12, 22, 11]
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n - 1):
min_index = i
for j in range(i + 1, n):
if arr[j] < arr[min_index]:
min_index = j
arr[i], arr[min_index] = arr[min_index], arr[i]
print(arr)Given two lists sorted in increasing order, create and return a merged list of all the elements in sorted order
list1=eval(input("Enter list 1 "))
list2=eval(input("Enter list 1 "))
list1=sorted(list1)
list2=sorted(list2)
list1.extend(list2)
print(list1)
list1=sorted(list1)
print(list1)Write a program which can generate and print a tuple, where the values are the squares of number between 1 and 20 (both included)
tup=tuple(i*i for i in range(1,21))
print(tup)Write a program to compare two tuple whether they contain same element or not
tup1=(1,3,5)
tup2=(5,3,1)
if len(tup1)!=len(tup2):
print("Does not contain same element !")
else:
for i in tup1:
if i not in tup2:
print("They does not contain same element")
break
else:
print("They contain same element")
Tuple Packing
a=1,2,3,4
print(a)Tuple can be converted to list and vice versa.
t=(1,2,4,5)
l=list(t)
print(l)There is no word like Tuple Comprehension
t=(i**2 for i in range(1,10))
print(t)
print(type(t))
#<generator object <genexpr> at 0x000001D7428E9220>
# <class 'generator'>- Dictionary is the key value pair representation
- duplicates keys are not allowed but values are allowed
- hetrogenous objects are allowed for both keys and values
- insertion order is not preserved in dictionary
- dictionaries are mutuable in nature
- indexing and slicing are not applicable on dictionary
- in cpp and java, dictionaries is known as maps
It returns the value but if they key is not present it return None
rec={'name':'abhinav','age':20}
print(rec.get('name'))
print(rec.get('f'))
print(rec.get('f','unkown'))
rec.pop('name')
print(rec)rec={'name':'abhinav','age':20}
rec.setdefault('name','arpit')
rec.setdefault('sname ','singh')
print(rec)rec={x:x**2 for x in range(10)}
print(rec)Sum of values in Dictionary
inp=eval(input("enter the "))
print(type(inp))
sum=0
for i in inp.values():
sum+=i
print(sum)wap to accept name and marks from the keybpard and create the dictionary
dict={}
while True:
nme=input('Enter the name: ')
if nme=='E':
break
marks=int(input('Enter the marks '))
dict.setdefault(nme,marks)
while True:
name=input("enter the name to check ")
if name=='E':
break
print(dict[name])s = list(range(11, 1000))
count = 0
for i in s:
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
else:
check = True
digits_seen = set()
for j in str(i):
if j in digits_seen:
check = False
break
digits_seen.add(j)
if check:
# print(i)
count += 1
print(count)- Set only contains unique value
- Insertion order is not preserved.
- can sort the set
- Indexing and slicing are not allowed
- Set objects are mutable
s={1,2,3,4}
print(type(s))
a={}
print(type(a))
a=set()
print(type(a))
```python
#### Add()
add the elements in set
```python
s={1,2,3,4}
print(type(s))
s.add(40)
print(s)x={1,2,3}
y={6,7,8}
print(x.union(y))
print(x.intersection(y))x={x*x for x in range(5)}
print(x)Unique vowels in a word
inp=input("Enter word")
vowel={'a','e','i','o','u'}
x=set(inp)
print(x.intersection(vowel))Frozen Set are not mutable
inp=input("Enter word")
vowel={'a','e','i','o','u'}
x=frozenset(inp)
# x.add('u')
print(x.intersection(vowel))- Function is a block of code
- Used for reuability
- Function is of 2 types:
- User Defined
- built-in
- mandatory keywords:
- def keyword
- return keyword(optional)
def funName(para):
""" This is a function"""
funName(5) #function calling
print(type(funName))
print(funName)def hello():
print("hello")
hello()def hello():
print("hello")
print(hello())
print(hello)Function to add two numbers
def add(a,b):
return a+b
print(add(5,6))In Python, parameter and arguments are same but passing parameter at function calling is actual argument and function accepting it is known as formal argument
def calc(x,y):
return x+y, x-y, x*y, x/y
print(calc(1,2))
print(type(calc(1,2)))Write a function to find the maximum and minimum numbers from a sequence of numbers.
list=[1,5,9,4,2]
def minMax(para):
para.sort()
return min(para) ,max(list)
print(minMax(list))Write a function to generate Fibonacci series for the number input by user. (note implement without recursion)
def fibonacci(n):
list=[1]
prev=0
now=1
for i in range(n):
list.append(prev+now)
temp=now
now=prev+now
prev=temp
print(list)
fibonacci(6)Write a function which takes a tuple of integer’s values and return a dictionary who’s each item is a pair of integer’s values and its frequency.
tup=(1,2,3,4,5,1,2,1)
def freq(tup):
dict={}
for i in tup:
if i in dict.keys():
dict[i]=dict[i]+1
else:
dict.setdefault(i,1)
return dict
print(freq(tup))def wish(name,msg):
print(f"hello {name}, {msg}")
wish("Abhinav","Jai shree ram")# positionaldef wish(msg,name='rahul'):
print(f"hello {name}, {msg}")
wish(msg="hello") Default argument should be used last
def fun1(*n):
print(type(n))
print(n)
sum=0
for i in n:
sum+=i
print(sum)
fun1(1,2,3)
fun1(1,2,3,4,5,6)
fun1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)def wish(name,msg):
print(f"hello {name}, {msg}")
wish(msg="Jai shree ram",name="Abhinav")# keyword argumentThere is nothig like function overloading in python
def fun1(**n):
print(type(n))
print(n)
fun1(name='Abhinav',sname='Singh')Variable length argument should be in the last position
list=input("enter list ").split()
l1=[]
for i in range(len(list)-1):
l1.append(int(list[i+1])-int(list[i]))
l2=sorted(l1)
if l1==l2:
print(True)
else:
print(False)def fun1(*n,name):
print(n, name)
fun1(1,name="abhinav")a=10
def f1():
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()def f1():
a=5
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()a=8
def f1():
a=5
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()a=10
def f1():
a=5
print(a)
f1()a=8
def f1():
global a
a=5
print(a)
def f2():
print(a)
f1()
f2()Accessing global and local variable at the same time.
a=8
def f1():
a=5
print(a)
print(globals()['a'])
f1()To write the function in one line in called Lambda Function
x= lambda n:max(n)
print(x([7,2,3,9]))x= lambda a,b,c:a if (a>b and a>c) else b if b>c else c
print(x(2,3,9))-
- Filter function take a argument as function name and sequence of data
- filter(functionName,sequence)
- filter function return filter object
list=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
def even(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
return False
fil=filter(even,list)
print(fil)lit=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
def even(x):
if x%2==0:
return True
return False
fil=list(filter(even,lit))
print(fil)Filter function using lambda funtion
lit=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0]
fil=list(filter(lambda x:True if x%2==0 else False,lit))
print(fil)s=lambda *x:list(filter(lambda y:y%2==0,x))
print(s(1,2,3,4,5))lt=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
x=lambda s:s*2
lst=list(map(x,lt))
print(lst)Taking input as integer
x=list(map(int,input("enter data ").split()))
print(x)Taking data as it is (if list then list, if tuple then tuple etc).
x=list(map(eval,input("enter data ").split()))
print(x)Write a program to filter out the even length strings
l=input("enter the data ").split()
print(list(filter(lambda x:len(x)%2==0,l)))- It is present in functools module so we have to import it.
Addition from 1 to 100
from functools import reduce
result=reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,range(1,101))
print(result)def hello():
print("hello")
s=hello #Aliasing of function
print(s())
s()def hello():
print("hello")
s=hello #Aliasing of function
print(type(s))
print(type(hello))def hello():
print("hello")
s=hello #Aliasing of function
a=s
b=a
c=b
c()def hello():
print("hello")
s=hello #Aliasing of function
a=s
b=a
c=b
del a
del b
c()def outer():
def inner():
print("this is inner function")
return inner
s=outer()
print(s)
print(outer()())def outer():
def inner():
print("this is inner function")
def inner2():
print("this is a inner 2 function")
return inner,inner2
s=outer()
print(s)
for i in s:
i()
print(outer()[0]())def outer(hello):
def inner(situation):
if situation=="abhinav":
print("Hello World")
else:
hello(situation)
return inner
@outer#adding decor constraints
def hello(situation):
print(f"hello {situation}")
hello("abhinav")def decor1(func):
def inner():
x=func()
return x*x
return inner
def decor(func):
def inner():
x=func()
return x*2
return inner
@decor1# Adding decorator constraints to the num function
@decor# Adding decorator constraints to the num function
def num():
return 10
print(num())- it uses yield function
def mygen():
yield 'A'
yield 'B'
yield 'C'
print(type(mygen))
g=mygen()
print(next(g))#A
print(next(g))#B
print(next(g))#C
print(next(g))# StopIteration ErrorFake Data Generation
# fake data generation
import random,time
names=['rahul','vasu','gaurang','divyanshu','ayush']
subjects=['hidni','english','maths','science']
def peop_list(num):
result=[]
for i in range(num):
person={'id':i,'name':random.choice(names),'subjects':random.choice(subjects)}
result.append(person)
def peop_gen(num):
for i in range(num):
person={'id':i,'name':random.choice(names),'subjects':random.choice(subjects)}
yield(person)
t1=time.clock()
peop_list(100)
t2=time.clock()
print("time take by normal:",t2-t1)
t3=time.clock()
peop_gen(100)
t4=time.clock()
print("time take by gen:",t4-t3)- A group of function, classes and variables
- It is nothing more than .py files.
moduleDemo file
def add(a,b):
print("the sum is ",a+b)from modules import moduleDemo
moduleDemo.add(5,6)
print(dir(mD))from modules import moduleDemo as mD ****# Module Aliasing using *as*
mD.add(5,6)
print(dir(mD))from modules import moduleDemo as mD # Module Aliasing using *as*
mD.add(5,6)
moduleDemo.add(5,6) # Will show an error
print(dir(mD))from moduleDemo import *
add(5,6)Import more than 1 modules moduleDemo2
def mul(a,b):
print("the sum is ",a*b)import moduleDemo as a, moduleDemo2 as m
a.add(5,6)
m.mul(5,6)from moduleDemo import add as a
a(5,6)In Python, there is one special variable (magic variables), __name__. This variable store the data whether the program executed individually or in some other module. If program executed individually, the stored value will be __main__ otherwise ot will contain the name of module where it is defined
- Text File
- Binary Files(images,audio,video,etc)
- r - read only (default mode). The pointer starts at beginning of the file.
f.name - return file name f.mode - returns access mode with which file was opened f.closed - True if closed else False f.readable - True if reading mode is present or both modes are present f.writable - True if writing mode is present or both modes are present
f=open("text.txt",'w')
print("Name is ",f.name)
print("Readable is ",f.readable())
print("writable is ",f.writable())
print("closed is ",f.closed)
print("mode is ",f.mode)f=open("text.txt",'r')
print(f.read())
print(f.read())# will not print anything
f.seek(0)# takes cursor to a specific index by default 0
print(f.read())f=open("text.txt",'r')
print(f.readlines())f=open("text.txt",'r')
lst=f.readlines()
for i in lst:
print(i)l=[]
with open ("text.txt",'r+') as f:
for i in f:
l.append(str(i).replace("STUPID","Good"))
f.truncate(0)
f.seek(0)
f.writelines(l)
print("Data saved successfully")
print(f.closed)